Mapping the monetary value of forest-based recreation: a case study in the Italian Carnic Prealps
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2025.3515Abstract
In the last decades, ecosystem services are increasingly of interest to the scientific community and policy makers, due to their ability to improving both human physical and mental well-being. In literature, it has been widely recognized that methods for assigning a monetary value to ecosystem services are the most difficult challenge to face. The difficulties are greater for those ecosystem services which are not traded on a real market. Another demanding issue is that related to mapping ecosystem services through spatial analysis. Therefore, this study aims to assess and map the monetary values of outdoor recreational for a forest area in the north-east of Italy. For that purpose, a zonal Travel Cost Method and a raster analysis were implemented. During the summer 2023, 119 onsite questionnaires were collected through face-to-face administration. The results reveal an annual consumer surplus of € 13,961,789 that corresponds to € 15.36 per visit per person. According to the spatial analysis, accommodation facilities, points of interest, and the network of paths and roads appear to be the elements that most affect the distribution of the value of outdoor recreation.References
Abildtrup J., Garcia S., Olsen S. B., Stenger A., 2013. Spatial preference heterogeneity in forest recreation. Ecological Economics, 92, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.001
Asilioglu F., Cay R. D., 2023. A dual spatial analysis method based on recreation opportunity spectrum and analytical hierarchy process for outdoor recreation site suitability. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 44(100703).
Bartczak A., Englin J., Pang A., 2012. When are Forest Visits Valued the Most? An Analysis of the Seasonal Demand for Forest Recreation in Poland. Environmental and Resource Economics, 52(2), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-011-9527-1
Bateman I. J., Brainard J. S., Lovett A. A., 1995. Modelling Woodland Recreation Demand Using Geographical Information Systems: A Benefit Transfer Study. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment.
Bernetti I., Sottini V. A., Marinelli N., Marone E., Menghini S., Riccioli F., Sacchelli S., Marinelli A., 2013. Quantification of the total economic value of forest systems: Spatial analysis application to the region of Tuscany (Italy). Aestimum, 62, 29–65. https://doi.org/10.13128/Aestimum-13191
Bertram C., Larondelle N., 2017. Going to the Woods Is Going Home: Recreational Benefits of a Larger Urban Forest Site — A Travel Cost Analysis for Berlin, Germany. Ecological Economics, 132, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.017
Brodrechtova Y., 2024. Assessing actor power in the trade-offs between ecosystem services affecting forest management – A case study from Central Slovakia. Forest Policy and Economics, 163, 103187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103187
Bujosa Bestard A., Riera Font A., 2010. Estimating The Aggregate Value of Forest Recreation in a Regional Context. Journal of Forest Economics, 16(1211), 1–25.
Caglayan İ., Yeşil A., Cieszewski C., Gül F. K., Kabak Ö., 2020. Mapping of recreation suitability in the Belgrad Forest Stands. Applied Geography, 116(December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102153
Chivulescu S., Hapa M., Pitar D., Lorent A., Marmureanu L., Leca S., Radu R., Cazacu R., Dobre A.-C., Pascu I.-S., Marcu C., Verghelet M., Vezeanu C., Racoviceannu T., Badea O., 2024. Integrating monetary and non-monetary valuation for ecosystem services in Piatra Craiului national park, Southern Carpathians: a comprehensive approach to sustainability and conservation. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1280793
Cordingley J. E., Newton A. C., Rose R. J., Clarke R. T., Bullock J. M., 2016. Can landscape-scale approaches to conservation management resolve biodiversity-ecosystem service trade-offs? Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12545
Cortinovis C., Zulian G., Geneletti D., 2018. Assessing nature-based recreation to support urban green infrastructure planning in Trento (Italy). Land, 7(4), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7040112
De Meo I., Paletto A., Cantiani M. G., 2015. The attractiveness of forests: Preferences and perceptions in a mountain community in Italy. Annals of Forest Research, 58(1), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2015.308
Ezebilo E. E., 2016. Economic value of a non-market ecosystem service: an application of the travel cost method to nature recreation in Sweden. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, 12(4), 314–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2016.1202322
Fagarazzi C., Sergiacomi C., Stefanini F. M., Marone E., 2021. A model for the economic evaluation of cultural ecosystem services: The recreational hunting function in the agroforestry territories of Tuscany (Italy). Sustainability, 13(20), 11229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011229
Ferencz-Havel A., Saláta D., Orosz G., Halász G., Tormáné Kovács E., 2024. Comparison of Nature Tourism in Two Hungarian Forest-Dominated Areas—Results of Visitor Surveys. Forests, 16(11), 1856. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111856
Fleming C. M., Cook A., 2008. The recreational value of Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island: An application of the travel cost method. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.022
Garrido P., Elbakidze M., Angelstam P., 2017. Stakeholders’ perceptions on ecosystem services in Östergötland’s (Sweden) threatened oak wood-pasture landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.018
Getzner M., Meyerhoff J., 2020. The benefits of local forest recreation in Austria and its dependence on naturalness and quietude. Forests, 11(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030326
Gios G., Notaro S., 2001. La valutazione economica dei beni ambientali: introduzione al metodo della valutazione contingente. Cedam.
Gołos P., 2013. Selected aspects of the forest recreational function in view of its users. Leśne Prace Badawcz, 74(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0025
Grilli G., Paletto A., De Meo I., 2014. Economic valuation of forest recreation in an alpine valley. Baltic Forestry, 20(1), 167–175.
Grover I., O'Reilly-Wapstra J., Suitor S., MacDonald D. H., 2023. Not seeing the accounts for the forest: A systematic literature review of ecosystem accounting for forest resource management purposes. Ecological Economics, 212, 107922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107922
Haines-Young R., Potschin M., 2018. Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure.
Hanley N., Barbier E., 2009. Pricing nature: cost-benefit analysis and environmental policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hanley N., Spash C., 1993. Cost-benefit analysis and the environment. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hauck J., Görg C., Varjopuro R., Ratamäki O., Maes J., Wittmer H., Jax K., 2013. “Maps have an air of authority”: Potential benefits and challenges of ecosystem service maps at different levels of decision making. Ecosystem Services, 4, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.11.003
Häyhä T., Franzese P. P., Paletto A., Fath B. D., 2015. Assessing, valuing, and mapping ecosystem services in Alpine forests. Ecosystem Services, 14, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.03.001
Hotelling H., 1949. Letter to the national park service. An Economic Study of the Monetary Evaluation of Recreation in the National Parks.
Juutinen A., Immerzeel B., Pouta E., Lankia T., Artell J., Tolvanen A., Ahtiainen H., Vermaat J., 2022. A comparative analysis of the value of recreation in six contrasting Nordic landscapes using the travel cost method. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 39, 100528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100528
Kloek M. E., Buijs A. E., Boersema J. J., Schouten M. G. C., 2015. “Nature lovers”, “Social animals”, “Quiet seekers” and “Activity lovers”: Participation of young adult immigrants and non-immigrants in outdoor recreation in the Netherlands. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 12, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.11.006
Kordi M., Brandt S. A., 2012. Effects of increasing fuzziness on analytic hierarchy process for spatial multicriteria decision analysis. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 36(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.07.004
Kouchner F., Lyard J.-P., Zimmer P., Grassmann S., 2000. Developing Walking Holidays in Rural Areas Guide on How to Design and Implement a Walking Holiday Project.
Laws E., 1995. Tourism destination management: Issues, analysis, and policies (Routledge (ed.)).
Leca S., Popa I., Chivulescu Ș., Popa A., Pitar D., Dobre A.-C., Pascu I.-S., Apostol B., Badea O., 2023. Structure and diversity in a periurban forest of Bucharest, Romania. Annals of Forest Research, 66(1), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2023.3011
Lee C. F., Huang H. I., Yeh H. R., 2010. Developing an evaluation model for destination attractiveness: Sustainable forest recreation tourism in Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(6), 811–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003690478
Leh F. C., Mokhtar F. Z., Rameli N., Ismail K., 2018. Measuring Recreational Value Using Travel Cost Method (TCM): A Number of Issues and Limitations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(10), 1381-1396. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i10/5306
Lupp G., Förster B., Kantelberg V., Markmann T., Naumann J., Honert C., Koch M., Pauleit S., 2016. Assessing the recreation value of urban woodland using the ecosystem service approach in two forests in the munich metropolitan region. Sustainability, 8(11), 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111156
Marta-Pedroso C., Laporta L., Proença V., Azevedo J. C., Domingos T., 2014. Changes in the ecosystem services provided by forests and their economic valuation: a review. In J. C. Azevedo, A. H. Perera, & M. A. Pinto (Eds.), Forest Landscapes and Global Change: Challenges for Research and Management (pp. 107–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0953-7
Martín-López B., Gómez-Baggethun E., García-Llorente M., Montes C., 2014. Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment. Ecological Indicators, 37, 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.003
MEA, 2005. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). In Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis.
Menegaki A. N., Dionysopoulou P. P., Agiomirgianakis G. M., 2021. A note on the contribution of valuation economics in tourism. European Journal of Tourism Research, 29, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v29i.2415
Menezes da Silva C. E., Vasconcelos Bezerra A. C., Cruz Neto C. C. 2023. Associations between the perception of ecosystem services and well-being in urban parks. Annals of Forest Research, 26, 1615-1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01412-1
Müller S. M., Peisker J., Bieling C., Linnemann K., Reidl K., Schmieder K., 2019. The importance of cultural ecosystem services and biodiversity for landscape visitors in the biosphere reserve Swabian Alb (Germany). Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(9), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092650
Nahuelhual L., Carmona A., Lozada P., Jaramillo A., Aguayo M., 2013. Mapping recreation and ecotourism as a cultural ecosystem service: An application at the local level in Southern Chile. Applied Geography, 40, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.12.004
Navrátil J., Knotek J., Pícha K., Fialová J., 2015. The protected areas: Are they still in the ‘pleasure periphery’ or are they destinations for sustainable tourism activities? European Journal of Tourism Research, 11, 57–72. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v11i.194
Notaro S., Dallapiccola C., 2000. Il valore paesaggistico-ricreativo di un’area alpina. Atti Della Accademia Roveretana Degli Agiati. Classe Di Scienze Umane, Lettere Ed Arti, 7(10), 153–169.
Paletto A., De Meo I., Cantiani P., Guerrini S., Lagomarsino A., 2018. Social perception of forest management: the case of the peri-urban forest of Monte Morello (Florence, Italy). Forest@ - Rivista Di Selvicoltura Ed Ecologia Forestale, 15(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.3832/efor2769-015
Paletto A., De Meo I., Grilli G., Notaro S., 2023. Valuing nature-based recreation in forest areas in Italy: An application of Travel Cost Method (TCM). Journal of Leisure Research, 54(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2022.2115328
Paletto A., Geitner C., Grilli G., Hastik R., Pastorella F., Garcìa L. R., 2015. Mapping the value of ecosystem services: A case study from the Austrian Alps. Annals of Forest Research, 58(1), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2015.335
Paletto A., Guerrini S., De Meo I., 2017. Exploring visitors' perceptions of silvicultural treatments to increase the destination attractiveness of peri-urban forests: A case study in Tuscany Region (Italy). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 27, 314-323.
Pastorella F., Giacovelli G., De Meo I., Paletto A., 2017. People’s preferences for Alpine forest landscapes: Results of an internet-based survey. Journal of Forest Research, 22(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1279708
Pastorella F., Santoni S., Notaro S., Paletto A., 2016. La percezione sociale del paesaggio forestale in Trentino-Alto Adige: casi di studio a confronto. Forest@, 13(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.3832/efor2119-013
Peña L., Casado-Arzuaga I., Onaindia M., 2015. Mapping recreation supply and demand using an ecological and a social evaluation approach. Ecosystem Services, 13, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.008
Proprietà Forestale Regionale del Cansiglio Orientale, 2022. Piano di gestione forestale. Validità 2022-2036.
Rands M. R. W., Adams W. M., Bennun L., Butchart S. H. M., Clements A., Coomes D., Entwistle A., Hodge I., Kapos V., Scharlemann J. P. W., Sutherland W. J., Vira B., 2010. Biodiversity conservation: Challenges beyond 2010. Science, 329(5997), 1298–1303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189138
Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 2022. Piano di gestione forestale 2022-2036. Proprietà forestale regionale del Cansiglio Orientale. Udine, Relazione Tecnica, 136.
Reyers B., Polasky S., Tallis H., Mooney H. A., Larigauderie A., 2012. Finding common ground for biodiversity and ecosystem services. BioScience, 62(5), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.5.12
Riera P., Signorello G., Thiene M., Mahieu P., Navrud S., Kaval P., Rulleau B., Mavsar R., Madureira L., Meyerhoffj J., Elsasser P., Notaro S., De Salvo M., Giergiczny M., Dragoi S., 2012. Non-market valuation of forest goods and services: Good practice guidelines. Journal of Forest Economics, 18(4), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2012.07.001
Romagosa F., 2018. Physical health in green spaces: Visitors’ perceptions and activities in protected areas around Barcelona. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 23, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.002
Rzetala M., 2016. the New Evaluation Proposal of Tourist-Recreational Attractiveness of Water Reservoirs. 3rd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM 2016, Book 2, 4(SGEM2016 Conference Proceedings, ISBN 978-619-7105-75-9 / ISSN 2367-5659), 773–780. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/SGEMSOCIAL2016/B24/S07.101%0Ahttps://sgemworld.at/ssgemlib/spip.php?article3102
Saaty T. L., 1990. How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3597-6_1
Schägner J. P., Brander L., Maes J., Hartje V., 2013. Mapping ecosystem services’ values: Current practice and future prospects. Ecosystem Services, 4, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.02.003
Scholte S. S. K., Daams M., Farjon H., Sijtsma F. J., van Teeffelen A. J. A., Verburg P. H., 2018. Mapping recreation as an ecosystem service: Considering scale, interregional differences and the influence of physical attributes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 175, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.011
Sergiacomi C., Müller J., Pickert R., Wolz M., Paletto A., 2024. Visitors’ attitudes and perceptions towards biodiversity conservation in production forests: the case study of University Forest Sailershausen in southern Germany. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 141, 111-144. https://doi.org/10.53203/fs.2403.2
Šodková M., Purwestri R. C., Riedl M., Jarský V., Hájek M., 2020. Drivers and frequency of forest visits: Results of a national survey in the Czech Republic. Forests, 11(4), 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/F11040414
Süer S., Sadik G., 2020. Economic valuation of cultural heritage tourism using the Zonal Travel Cost Method: A case study of Pergamon ancient city. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 415-431.
TEEB, 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: An Interim Report European Commission. www.teebweb.org
Termansen M., McClean C. J., Jensen F. S., 2013. Modelling and mapping spatial heterogeneity in forest recreation services. Ecological Economics, 92, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.001
Tobias D., Mendelsohn R., 1991. Valuing ecotourism in a tropical rain-forest reserve. Ambio, 20(2), 91–93.
Torres-Ortega S., Pérez-álvarez R., Díaz-Simal P., de Luis-Ruiz J. M., Piña-García F., 2018. Economic valuation of cultural heritage: Application of travel cost method to the national museum and Research Center of Altamira. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072550
Winkel G., Lovrić M., Muys B., Katila P., Lundhede T., Pecurul M., Pettenella D., Pipart N., Plieninger T., Prokofieva I., Parra C., Pülzl H., Roitsch D., Roux J. L., Thorsen B. J., Tyrväinen L., Torralba M., Vacik H., Weiss, G., Wunder S., 2022. Governing Europe’s forests for multiple ecosystem services: Opportunities, challenges, and policy options. Forest Policy and Economics, 145, 102849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102849
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
All the papers published in Annals of Forest Research are available under an open access policy (Gratis Gold Open Access Licence), which guaranty the free (of taxes) and unlimited access, for anyone, to entire content of the all published articles. The users are free to “read, copy, distribute, print, search or refers to the full text of these articles”, as long they mention the source.
The other materials (texts, images, graphical elements presented on the Website) are protected by copyright.
The journal exerts a permanent quality check, based on an established protocol for publishing the manuscripts. The potential article to be published are evaluated (peer-review) by members of the Editorial Board or other collaborators with competences on the paper topics. The publishing of manuscript is free of charge, all the costs being supported by Forest Research and Management Institute.
More details about Open Access:
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access